Short definition: Vr is the rotation speed at which the pilot begins to raise the aircraft’s nose for take-off.
Detailed explanation: Vr, or rotation speed, is a calculated take-off speed based on aircraft weight, flap setting, runway conditions, centre of gravity and performance limits. When the aircraft reaches Vr, the pilot applies back-pressure to rotate at the correct rate and establish the take-off attitude. Vr is not the same as lift-off speed, because the aircraft may leave the ground slightly after rotation begins. It is also different from V1 and V2, which are separate decision and safety speeds used during take-off. In flight simulation, using the correct Vr helps achieve realistic take-off performance, proper runway use and accurate handling during the most critical phase of departure.
Key considerations:
- Vr must be calculated for the specific aircraft configuration and conditions, so a fixed value is not suitable for every take-off.
- A common mistake is rotating too early or too aggressively, which can lead to a tail strike or poor acceleration.
- Using the correct Vr improves take-off safety margins and helps the aircraft meet expected climb performance after departure.
Further Reading: V Speeds – Wikipedia
